Symptoms of End-Stage Renal Failure in Clinic

End-stage Renal Failure happens as one’s kidneys stop working let the patients can’t live without dialysis or kidney transplant. The damage is permanent and can’t be fixed in most of the cases. By knowing the various symptoms of the disease, one can tell if he or she develops the fatal disease.
The symptoms of End-stage Renal Failure are as followings:

1. Gastrointestinal symptoms

Earliest symptoms occur in gastrointestinal tract. Mainly are:

² Poor appetite

² Nausea

² Vomiting

² Gastrointestinal inflammation

² Ulcer

² Gastrointestinal bleeding

2. Cardiovascular symptoms

² Atherosclerosis

² High blood pressure

² Pericarditis

² Heart failure

3. Hematologic symptoms

² Anemia

² Bleeding diathesis

² Leukocyte disorder

4. Respiratory symptoms

² Hyperventilation

² Uraemic pneumonitis

² Uraemic pleuritis

5. Neural and muscular symptoms

² Central nervous-- uremia encephalopathy

² Peripheral nerves—restless leg syndrome

² Myopathy--myasthenia, amyotrophia, myositis

6. Cutaneous symptoms

² Skin itch

² Chromatosis

² Urea cream

² metastatic calcification

7. Skeletal system symptoms

² Renal bone disease

² High-bone turnover disease

² Low-bone turnover disease

² Mixed bone disease

² Dialysis bone disease (β2microglobulin,deposition)

8. Endocrinologic and metabolic disorder

² EPO increase

² PTH increase

² Sexual disorder

² hypothyroidism

9. Infection—One of the leading causes of deaths in patients with CRF

² Immune disorder and white blood cell dysfunction

10. Metabolic acidosis—one of the most common causes of deaths in patients with uraemia
Major causes of metabolic acidosis: GRF declines, retention of acid metabolites appears; secretory function of hydrogen in renal tubulus has been damaged; secretory ability of hydrogen in renal tubulus declines

11. Imbalance of water and electrolytes

² Dehydration or excessive water

² Sodium loss or retention of sodium

² Hyperkalemia / hypokalemia

² Hypocalcemia / hypercalcemia

² hyperphosphatemia

² Hypermagnesemia

² Aluminum accumulation

Among all those symptoms, some of them will occur in the early stage while some in the advanced stage. End-stage Renal Failure can be avoided as long as you detect them early.